Dynamic Thermal Performance and Economic Optimization of Building Walls with Phase Change Material

This study evaluates the thermal performance and energy cost implications of integrating Phase Change Materials (PCM) into building walls with brick and concrete core materials, under Baghdad, Iraq's climatic conditions. A numerical simulation was conducted using MATLAB to analyze the heat transfer and temperature distribution across wall configurations, with a focus on PCM thickness ranging from 0.01 m to 0.1 m. The simulation assumed a constant indoor temperature and real outdoor boundary conditions over one year, accounting for hourly variations in heat flux, wall temperatures, and energy costs. Results demonstrated that incorporating PCM significantly reduced heat flux and stabilized the wall's internal temperature, leading to lower energy costs for heating and cooling. For brick walls, the optimal PCM thickness was determined to be 0.07 m, yielding an annual energy cost of 150 USD. For concrete walls, the optimal PCM thickness was found to be 0.05 m, with an energy cost of 120 USD. The concrete wall exhibited superior thermal performance and cost efficiency compared to the brick wall due to its higher thermal conductivity and density, which enhanced heat storage and transfer. These findings highlight the effectiveness of PCM-enhanced walls in improving energy efficiency and thermal comfort, particularly in climates with high-temperature variability. This work provides insights for optimizing wall configurations and selecting PCM thickness to achieve sustainable building designs and cost-effective energy management.