The dynamics and essence of disordered systems

<p indent="0mm">The complex relaxation dynamics in disordered systems span a wide range of time, frequency, and temperature scales, encompassing a variety of physical processes that significantly influence the system’s functionality, behavior, properties, and applications. Investigating these dynamics is essential for gaining a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of glasses and liquids, as well as key phenomena such as glass formation, transitions, and deformation. This article begins with a definition of relaxation and its significance, followed by a thorough examination of the characteristics of various relaxation dynamics and their effects on material performance. Additionally, the paper provides a comprehensive review of the microscopic mechanisms underlying multiple relaxation behaviors and presents a unified theoretical framework for relaxation dynamics, aimed at achieving a holistic understanding of the complex relaxation behaviors in disordered systems. This work seeks to enhance researchers’ understanding of the dynamics of disordered systems and offers new perspectives on the dynamical properties and fundamental nature of disordered systems.