Differences in the Lateralization of Theta and Alpha Power During n-Back Task Performance Between Older and Young Adults in the Context of the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) Model

Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Old Adults (HAROLD) is one of the most well-known models of compensatory brain involvement in older adults. Most evidence supports its occurrence from the perspective of PET and fMRI studies, with a deficiency in electroencephalographic research in this domain. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possibility of identifying the HAROLD pattern in older adults’ power of theta and alpha. The study sample comprised 50 older adults and 60 young adults performing n-back tasks while recording EEG signals. The level of cognitive performance and the theta and alpha power for pairs of symmetrical electrodes in the prefrontal, frontal, and parietal areas were analyzed. Older adults exhibited inferior cognitive performance compared to young adults and heightened theta power in the right hemisphere within the prefrontal and parietal areas. However, they also demonstrated increased alpha power in the right frontal pole, which contradicts the compensatory effects of theta power. Moreover, the two indicated phenomena of lateralization of theta and alpha power in older adults were unrelated to individual cognitive performance. The results make it challenging to discern whether the revealed age-related differences in theta and alpha power lateralization denote compensation, dedifferentiation, or nonselective recruitment as neutral features of brain activity in old adults.