Steady motions of single spherical microswimmers in non-Newtonian fluids

In biological systems, microswimmers often propel themselves through complex media. However, many aspects of swimming mechanisms in non-Newtonian fluids remain unclear. This study considers the propulsion of two types of single spherical microswimmers (squirmers) in shear-thickening and shear-thinning fluids. The slip-driven squirmer propels faster/slower in shear-thickening/thinning fluids than in Newtonian fluids [C. Datt et al., J. Fluid Mech. 784, R1 (2015)]. In contrast, we discovered that a traction-driven squirmer exhibits the opposite trend, moving slower/faster in shear-thickening/thinning fluids than in Newtonian fluids. In addition, we have shown theoretically that Purcell's scallop theorem does not hold in non-Newtonian fluids when a squirmer with reciprocal surface motions is used. The present findings open up possibilities for the design of new types of microswimmers that can achieve translational motion from a single reciprocal motion in non-Newtonian fluids. Furthermore, we demonstrated that traction-driven squirmers swim faster and more efficiently in shear-thinning fluids than in Newtonian fluids. These findings highlight how the non-Newtonian rheology enhances both swimming speed and efficiency, suggesting further potential for optimizing locomotion performance otherwise impossible in Newtonian fluids.