The structure control on volcanic spring pattern distribution eastern slope of Salak Mountain and western slope of Pangrango Mountain on Cisadane upstream watershed, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract This study investigated the structures affecting spring distribution patterns and types study in the upstream Cisadane Watershed of Bogor Regency, on the east and west slopes of Mount Salak and Mount Pangrango. The morphotectonic and structural analyses were performed using the Landsat digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite imagery data processing. Initial information about geological structures was gathered by examining and determining the lineament, or straightness, of hills and slopes to derive broad patterns. Calculating morphotectonic and structural straightness (lineament) connected with the distribution pattern of springs was performed as the descriptive, quantitative, and correlative approach. The findings indicated a relationship between the morphotectonic general pattern of structure and influence on the properties and distribution of springs and the straightness pattern of hills and valleys. The active morphotectonic analysis result revealed moderate to high-class active tectonics. The northwest-southeast and southwest-northeast directions were indicated by the lineament analysis results; the density of the lineament pattern determined the spring distribution pattern.