Real-Time Digital Twin: An advanced concept for modeling small modular reactors.

This paper presents a brief overview of the development history, advantages, disadvantages, and application scenarios of small modular reactors (SMRs). It explores relevant simulation technologies, human–system interfaces (HSIs), and instrumentation and control (I&C) systems. Particular attention is given to the integration of advanced digital technologies, including digital twins (DTs) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time emulation, in the context of SMRs. Finally, a digital twin emulation prototype of a small modular light-water reactor (smLWR) is provided, which is hoped to offer some modest assistance to peers in the field.