The multifaceted role of tannic acid: From its extraction and structure to antibacterial properties and applications

Tannic acid (TA) is a natural polyphenolic compound recognized for its distinctive physical, chemical, and biological properties, making it a promising candidate for developing functional biomaterials. This versatile polyphenol can form covalent and non-covalent interactions with various organic and inorganic biomaterials, enhancing their effectiveness and addressing inherent limitations. This review begins by outlining the extraction methods and chemical characterization of TA. It then explores TA's structural properties and molecular interactions, providing a comprehensive understanding of its essential role in improving biomaterial functionality. Additionally, the review discusses recent advancements in TA-based antibacterial strategies, offering insights into the mechanisms by which TA exerts its antibacterial effects.