Three-Dimensional Corruption Metrics: A Proposal for Integrating Frequency, Cost, and Significance

Abstract Despite a lack of consensus on the most effective methods for measuring corruption, a variety of initiatives have been launched over the past decade. This paper contributes to the evolving field by arguing for the integration of frequency, cost, and local significance, into a three-dimensional approach for the development of enhanced metrics. After revisiting the history of corruption measurement, each proposed dimension is discussed by reference to past initiatives and the relevant literature. While the frequency and cost of corruption are discussed based on the varying degrees of attention received over the years, I propose that “significance” represents a third and necessary dimension, capturing the moral severity of corruption within different societal contexts. Taken as a unified whole, the proposed multidimensional approach is argued to have the potential for a more accurate depiction of corruption, enhancing also the clarity and accountability of corruption metrics. By accounting for frequency, cost, and significance, three-dimensional metrics are expected to lay the groundwork for more effective policy responses and deepen our understanding of the complexities inherent in the corruption phenomenon.