Comprehensive assessment of lower limb alignment and forces during dance landings under fatigue

This study investigates the impact of fatigue on Lower Limb Alignment (LLA) and Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) during dance landings, intending to understand how fatigue-induced changes affect joint mechanics and stabilization in trained dancers. Thirty dancers (mean age: 23.4 years) with a minimum of three years of training in high-impact dance forms, such as ballet and contemporary dance, participated in the study. A within-subject experimental design assessed each participant’s landing mechanics before and after a fatigue-inducing protocol. Kinematic data were captured using a 3D motion capture system, while kinetic data were recorded with force plates. Joint angles at the hip, knee, and ankle were measured during the landing’s initial contact, peak force, and stabilization phases. Vertical and medial-lateral GRF and time to stabilization (TTS) were also analyzed pre- and post-fatigue. The fatigue protocol consisted of plyometric exercises and repetitive dance-specific movements designed to mimic the physical demands of a dance performance. Measurements were taken immediately after the fatigue protocol and at intervals of 15 min, 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-fatigue to assess both immediate and delayed effects of fatigue. Significant changes in joint angles were observed across all phases of the landing. Post-fatigue, hip and knee flexion increased significantly at initial contact (hip: +2.7°, knee: +3.6°, p < 0.05), reflecting compensatory adjustments for impact absorption. Ankle dorsiflexion also increased significantly during stabilization (+2.7°, p = 0.028). Vertical GRF increased across all phases post-fatigue (initial contact: +4.4 N/kg, p = 0.009), indicating a reduced ability to absorb impact forces efficiently. TTS was significantly prolonged at all post-fatigue intervals, particularly within the first 15 min post-exertion (+34 ms, p = 0.008), suggesting impaired neuromuscular control and balance.