An Analysis of the Impact of Metabolic Changes Caused by Obesity on Immune Response

Currently, as obesity rates continue to rise globally, its complications are becoming increasingly detrimental to public health. Beyond its close association with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, obesity is also recognized as an important contributor to immune dysfunction. This study aims to investigate how obesity-induced metabolic changes interact with the immune response and increase the risk of infection and inflammation. Through a systematic literature review, this paper explores how obesity-induced metabolic changes affect the immune system through multiple pathways. The study specifically focuses on altered glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and imbalances in adipokines and cytokines. It reveals how obesity-induced metabolic disturbances and chronic low-grade inflammation disrupt normal immune function, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, inflammation, and chronic diseases. It demonstrates a positive correlation between obesity and the risk of infection and inflammation, providing a comprehensive perspective on these interactions.