A Sustainable Response Surface Methodology and Analytic Hierarchy Process–Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment Model to Evaluate Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Clove Oil Biodiesel Blend

Abstract Replacing diesel with biodiesel generally results in a decrease in exhaust emissions like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide. However, nitrogen oxide emissions show increasing trends. On the other hand, a decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions has been found using various additives with diesel and biodiesel blends. In this work, the experiments are carried out on diesel, B30 (70% v/v diesel + 30% v/v biodiesel), and the B30CL1000 (70% v/v diesel + 30% v/v biodiesel + 1000 ppm clove oil) to evaluate the performance and emissions of diesel engine. The response surface methodology-based approach has been applied to evaluate the effect of different engine operating parameters on engine performance and emission while fueled with the B30CL1000 fuel blend. Further, the analytic hierarchy process–weighted aggregated sum product assessment method has been applied to identify the optimal setting of the parameters and rank the optimal engine operating range for the B30CL1000 blend. From the results, it was elicited that the accumulation of 1000 ppm of antioxidant (clove oil) additives in the B30 blend resulted in a reduction in the brake-specific fuel consumption by up to 11.5% at higher loads. Brake thermal efficiency increased by 16.3% at low load conditions for the B30CL1000 blend. Then the B30CL1000 blend showed a 2% drop in carbon monoxide emission at higher loads, and the decreased nitrogen oxide emission for the B30CL1000 blend has also been reported as 12% at low loads and 2% at higher loads, which follows a similar trend as exhaust gas temperature. The fifth experimental run having compression ratio (CR) of 17, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of 0%, and load of 12 kg has been ranked as 1.