Polymer-based nanofluid bio-lubricants for artificial joints: Improving wear resistance and reducing friction

The development of polymer-based nanofluid bio-lubricants marks a significant advancement in improving the functionality and longevity of artificial joints. This review critically explores the integration of nanoparticles such as MoS₂, Cu, and graphene into polymer matrices, which form protective films that enhance wear resistance and reduce friction, thereby addressing a critical need in bio-tribology. By reducing direct contact between implant components, these nanofluids improve the tribological properties and biocompatibility of medical devices. Emerging technologies, including self-healing and smart lubrication systems, further extend the operational lifespan of implants under dynamic loading conditions. The review consolidates theoretical and experimental findings, showcasing improvements in wear rates and friction coefficients while addressing challenges such as nanoparticle stability, sedimentation, and agglomeration in physiological environments. These advancements highlight the scientific contributions of nanoparticle functionalization and the development of biodegradable, biocompatible nanocomposites. Beyond joint replacements, this study emphasizes the potential applications of polymer-based nanofluids in cardiovascular devices and soft robotics. These bio-lubricants not only align with the principles of sustainable engineering by reducing environmental impact but also promise to revolutionize bio-lubrication technologies, improving patient outcomes and device reliability. Future research must focus on optimizing nanoparticle dispersion, long-term stability, and clinical validation to realize their full potential. The integration of cutting-edge materials science and bioengineering in this work underscores its academic and practical significance, providing a foundation for transformative innovations in biomedical applications.