Synergistic effect of limestone and supplementary cementitious materials in ternary blended cements

This review offers an introductory examination of the challenges involved in formulating limestone-based ternary blended cements, intended for both specialists and non-experts in cement chemistry. The environmental impact of cement production and the raising awareness on climate changes has led to a progressive shift toward sustainable practices, emphasizing the critical need for eco-friendly construction materials. Here, the motivation for adopting ternary blends is explored, with a particular focus on supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) otherwise classified as wastes, such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, fly ash, and metakaolin, which contribute to sustainability improvements. To facilitate understanding, a glossary of technical terms is provided, alongside an overview of the cement hydration process and the distinct characteristics of various SCMs. The review focuses on the performance of binary and ternary cement blends, giving particular consideration to the synergistic effects observed when limestone is combined with SCMs in ternary formulations. Key properties of specific ternary blends are highlighted, unraveling their potential to enhance both performance and environmental sustainability. Finally, the review provides a perspective for future developments, reflecting on the broader implications of these materials for promoting sustainable construction practices within the industry.