Procedural factors influencing successful coronary sinus reducer implantation for refractory angina: A single-centre experience

In our experience, CSR implantation is safe and associated with high rates of procedural success. However, patient and procedural factors can influence the difficulty of CSR implantation. The presence of a ridge may make implantation more challenging. Bellying, swan-necking and complete equipment fallout may indicate increased procedural complexity. Greater awareness of these features will encourage operators to remain vigilant and adapt their implantation strategy when encountering challenging cases.