Biosensing technologies for groundwater contamination detection

The contamination of groundwater, mainly caused by industrial activities, agriculture, and population growth, presents a signi cant risk to both public health and ecosystems.Groundwater becomes in ltrated by pollutants such as heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, and emerging contaminants from a variety of sources, including industrial spills, agricultural runo , and improper waste disposal.While traditional detection methods are dependable, they are often time-consuming and require a lot of labor, which hampers e ective monitoring.To address contamination and safeguard groundwater resources, it is crucial to create detection technologies that are rapid, a ordable, and highly sensitive.These advancements will allow for real-time monitoring, support timely interventions, and enhance water management practices, ultimately protecting public health and environmental sustainability.