RNA-Binding S1 Domain in Bacterial, Archaeal and Eukaryotic Proteins as One of the Evolutionary Markers of Symbiogenesis

The RNA-binding S1 domain is a β-barrel with a highly conserved RNA-binding site on its surface. This domain is an important part of the structures of different bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic proteins. A distinctive feature of the S1 domain is multiple presences (structural repeats) in proteins and protein complexes. Here, we have analyzed all available protein sequences in the UniProt database to obtain data on the distribution of bacterial, eukaryotic and archaeal proteins containing the S1 domain. Mainly, the S1 domain is found in bacterial proteins with the number of domains varying from one to eight. Eukaryotic proteins contain from one to fifteen S1 domains, while in archaeal proteins, only one S1 domain is identified. Analysis of eukaryotic proteins containing S1 domains revealed a group of chloroplast S1 ribosomal proteins (ChRpS1) with characteristic properties of bacterial S1 ribosomal proteins (RpS1) from the Cyanobacteria. Also, in a separate group, chloroplast and mitochondrial elongation factor Ts containing two S1 structural domains were assigned. For mitochondrial elongation factor Ts, the features of S1 in comparison with the RpS1 from Cyanobacteria phylum and the Alphaproteobacteria class were revealed. The data obtained allow us to consider the S1 domain as one of the evolutionary markers of the symbiogenesis of bacterial and eukaryotic organisms.