Effects of Gender Biases on Project Performances in Water and Sanitation Projects in Njombe Region

Gender biases in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) projects globally, regionally, and in Tanzania pose significant challenges to effective project management. This study examines gender representation in leadership roles and the performance of NGO-led WASH projects in Njombe, Tanzania. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 197 participants, including project managers, beneficiaries, and stakeholders, to assess the effects of leadership inclusivity on project outcomes such as timelines, budget adherence, and stakeholder satisfaction. Findings revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.628, p < 0.001) between gender-balanced leadership and budget adherence. Similarly, inclusive leadership demonstrated a significant positive influence on stakeholder satisfaction and project timeliness. Respondents highlighted that male-dominated leadership structures often contributed to delays and inefficiencies, while projects with greater female representation showed improved decision-making and resource utilization. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing gender-inclusive policies and leadership training to promote balanced representation in decision-making roles. By fostering inclusivity, WASH projects can enhance their efficiency, ensure timely completion, and build stronger trust with stakeholders.