Metabolomics in Cardiovascular Diseases

Review Metabolomics in Cardiovascular Diseases Shan Lu 1,†, Zisheng Huang 2,†, Baitao Liu 3, and Yan Zhang 1,* 1 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100871, China 2 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 3 Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 July 2023; Revised: 25 September 2024; Accepted: 26 September 2024; Published: 25 October 2024 Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, and disorders of cardiac energy metabolism are the main contributors to many cardiovascular pathologies. Metabolomics is a science that examines the types and amounts of metabolites and the patterns of change in biological systems after stimulation or perturbation. Metabolites are widely distributed in the body and have universal regulatory effects on a wide range of physiological activities. Metabolism is at the end of the regulation of life activities, so metabolomics is closer to phenotypes than genomics and transcriptom-ics, and can reflect the state of biological systems more accurately. Metabolomics, a cross-cutting dis-cipline emerging in the post-genomics era, has rapidly penetrated into many fields of medicine, im-proves understanding of complex diseases and generates more new discoveries and hypotheses. Therefore, metabolomics helps detect metabolic changes in the course of CVDs, search for biomarkers, and further study the pathogenesis of CVDs. In this review, we intend to comprehensively summarize the principles, classification and applications in CVDs of metabolomics.