Sex differences in hepatocellular carcinoma

Disparities in the prevalence, progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma between males and females are well documented, which stem from a complex interplay of various factors. Sex-specific lifestyle, behavioral and psycho-socioeconomic influences, combined with intrinsic hormonal and genetic differences, significantly impact the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. These factors are further augmented by epigenetic mechanisms and co-factors such as hepatitis B and C infections, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms driving these clear sex differences, in order to optimize future prevention and treatment strategies.