Harnessing osmotic shock for enhanced intracellular delivery of (nano)cargos

Efficient intracellular delivery of exogenous (nano)materials is critical for both research and therapeutic applications. The physicochemical properties of the cargo play a crucial role in determining internalization efficacy. Consequently, significant research efforts are focused on developing innovative and effective methodologies to optimize (nano)material delivery. In this study, we utilized osmotic shock to enhance (nano)cargos internalization. We examined the effects of hypotonic/hypertonic shock on both primary and cell lines, assessing parameters such as cell viability, cell volume, membrane tension changes, and particle uptake. Our results indicate that short-lived osmotic shock does not harm cells. Hypotonic shock induced temporary shape changes lasting up to 5 min, followed by a 15-minute recovery period. Importantly, hypotonic shock increased the uptake of 100-nm and 500-nm particles by ∼ 3- and ∼ 5-fold, respectively, compared to isotonic conditions. In contrast, the hypertonic shock did not impact cell behavior or particle uptake. Notably, the internalization mechanisms triggered by osmotic shock operate independently of active endocytic pathways, making hypotonic stimulation particularly beneficial for hard-to-treat cells. When primary fibroblasts derived from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-patients were exposed to hypotonic shock in the presence of the therapeutic cargo icerguastat, there was an increased expression of miR-106b-5p compared to isotonic conditions. In conclusion, osmotic shock presents a promising strategy for improving drug delivery within cells and, potentially, in tissues such as muscles or skin, where localized drug administration is preferred.