Cluster Routing Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network based on Virtual Cluster Heads and Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm

To extend the operational longevity of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we introduce a novel cluster routing protocol, CRPIDE (Clustering Routing Protocol based on an Improved Differential Evolution algorithm). This protocol leverages an enhanced differential evolution algorithm to optimize the placement of virtual cluster heads (VCHs), considering critical factors such as inter-node distances, node coverage, and the spatial extent of the clusters. Following the determination of the optimal VCH locations, the selection of actual cluster head (CH) nodes is performed based on the proximity of nodes to their respective VCHs and the energy levels of the nodes within each cluster. During the data transmission phase, relay nodes are selected according to specific criteria, including the distance between nodes, the direction angle, and the energy-efficiency of relay forwarding. These criteria collectively contribute to improving the network's overall energy efficiency and communication reliability. The efficacy of CRPIDE is evaluated through simulation studies, which compare it with related algorithms. The results demonstrate that CRPIDE outperforms these alternatives in key metrics, such as residual energy levels in nodes, network lifetime, and data throughput.