Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for Decompensated Post-Hepatitis B Cirrhosis: A Case Report

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) represents the terminal phase of chronic liver injury, characterized by overt clinical manifestations and severe complications that significantly impair the quality of life. The condition often culminates in a variety of symptoms, including jaundice, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy, which reflect the liver's inability to perform its essential functions. Liver transplantation remains the definitive treatment for ESLD; however, limitations in donor organ availability necessitate exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. we present a case of a 71-year-old Asian male with decompensated post-hepatitis B cirrhosis, who had a one-year history of hematemesis and melena. Endoscopic evaluation confirmed the presence of esophageal-gastric varices, further corroborating portal hypertension and hypersplenism. This patient underwent treatment with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) transplantation. Following the procedure, the patient demonstrated significant clinical improvement, suggesting the safety and potential feasibility of BM-MSC transplantation for patients with ESLD. The field of BM-MSC transplantation has witnessed significant progress in recent years, emerging as a promising therapeutic approach for ESLD. This innovative treatment modality harnesses the regenerative capabilities of stem cells to promote liver repair and function. Notably, BM-MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties that may mitigate inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, thereby addressing some of the underlying pathophysiology associated with ESLD. This case presentation highlights the potential application of BM-MSC therapy in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The findings underscore the need for further research and refinement of clinical application techniques to fully realize the broad therapeutic possibilities of BM-MSC transplantation for ESLD. As we advance our understanding of stem cell therapies, it is crucial to conduct larger studies to evaluate long-term outcomes and establish standardized protocols for treatment.