Regional differences in crippling rate in greylag geese <i>Anser anser</i>

Goose populations across Europe have been subjected to long‐standing harvest practices, which include shotgun hunting. In addition to immediate mortality, hunting can affect an animal's fitness by inflicting non‐lethal injuries, often referred to as ‘crippling' or ‘wounding'. This could subsequently have negative effects on the population level and causes ethical concerns, ultimately challenging the legitimacy of hunting as a management tool. Understanding spatial variation in crippling rate can assist management to prioritize regions for enhancing awareness and implementing measures aimed at reducing crippling. We examined greylag geese from three subpopulations (Nyköping, Örebro, and Hudiksvall) breeding in three regions in Sweden (Södermanland, Örebro, and Gävleborg) to record prevalence of imbedded shotgun pellets and to quantify crippling impact. Our approach excludes birds that were wounded and subsequently died without being retrieved. We found that across the three subpopulations, 21% of the 176 x‐rayed greylag geese were carrying imbedded pellets (average 2.33 pellets, range 1–16). Crippling rate varied among the subpopulations, being twice as high in Örebro and Nyköping (26.4 and 25.0%, respectively) compared to Hudiksvall (11.7%). However, the probability of being crippled differed significantly only between Nyköping and Hudiksvall (p = 0.04), but not between Örebro and Hudiksvall (p&gt;0.05) or between Nyköping and Örebro (p &gt; 0.05). This study could not elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed regional variations in crippling rate. Nevertheless, the regional disparities in these rates, and the potential links between crippling rate, levels of crop damage, attitudes, and hunting behaviors, present intriguing avenues for future exploration.