Gonadal sex reversal at single-cell resolution in <i>Znrf3</i>-deficient mice

The role of anti-WNT ZNRF3 is central to determining gonadal fate: XY mice lacking functional ZNRF3 exhibit a highly variable gonadal sex reversal phenotype in the fetal period, characterised by appearance of ovarian tissue. To investigate this sex reversal further, we used single-cell RNA-seq to examine the transcriptomes of XY Znrf3-deficient gonads during the mouse sex-determining period. Analyses of cell trajectories in mutant gonads reveal the failure of pre-supporting cells to commit to the Sertoli cell fate, XY granulosa cell development, unstable commitment in those cells that reach the Sertoli path and enhanced contribution to a supporting-like cell fate. By developing a machine learning-based score for transcriptomic similarity to Sertoli and granulosa, we show pervasive disruption to acquisition of testicular cell fate in the mutant supporting cell lineage, with large numbers of cells co-expressing pro-Sertoli and pro-granulosa markers. These data reveal that loss of Znrf3 results in transcriptomic and cellular heterogeneity, with shifts in cellular sex identity that undermine a simple binary model in which mutant supporting cell precursors achieve either Sertoli or granulosa cell differentiation.