Efficient systems for groundwater defluoridation: a pilot study for rural schools in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Water is vital for human life, socioeconomic development, and environmental conservation. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a human right recognized by the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda in its Sustainable Development Goal No. 6. In this context, fluoride in groundwater at concentrations of 0.6–0.9 mg L−1 is essential for dental health. However, at higher levels (>1.5 mg L−1), it is harmful to health. Thus, this study evaluated the removal of excess fluoride from groundwater in defluoridation systems installed in rural schools using activated bone charcoal as an adsorbent. The performance results of the campus defluoridation system indicate that the system can meet the consumption needs of a school with up to 39 people consuming 2 L day−1, with a minimum flow rate of 3.3 L h−1, for a minimum period of 90 days. Regarding the efficiency of fluoride removal from water in rural schools A, B, and C, the results indicated a value higher than 97%, meeting potability standards. The technology is sustainable, improves sanitation conditions, and ensures safe and accessible drinking water for all.