Optimizing an integrated hybrid energy system with hydrogen-based storage to develop an off-grid green community for sustainable development in Bangladesh

An integrated renewable system that utilizes solid waste-based biogas is important steps towards the sustainable energy solutions to rural off-grid communities in Bangladesh. In this study, a hybrid energy system consisting of photovoltaic modules, wind turbines, biogas generators, fuel cells, and electrolyzer-hydrogen tank-based energy storage is optimized using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The hybrid system is optimized based on the cost of energy and human health damage as objective functions, and a fuzzy decision-making technique is employed to determine the optimal solution to the multi-objective approach. Additionally, several economic, ecological, and social indicators are also investigated while meeting a certain load reliability. An energy management strategy has been developed in the MATALB environment to satisfy the community load and the battery-driven electric vehicle load. Results from this comprehensive analysis suggest that the optimal configuration of PV/WT/FC/BG has an energy cost of 0.1634 $/kWh, and an ecosystem damage of 0.00098 species.year. The human health damage and the human development index of the optimized system are 0.1732 DALYs and 0.696 DALYs, respectively. Additionally, the proposed system has a lifecycle emission of 123,730 kg CO 2 -eq/year, carbon emission penalties of $1856/year, a job creation potential of 30 jobs/MW over the 25 years of project lifetime. The hybrid system oversees solid waste management solutions and provides the community with sustainable energy and vehicle recharge. • Integrated hybrid system for utilities and transportation load demand is examined. • Economic, human development, environmental, and ecological indicators are studied. • PV/WT/BG system with fuel cell storage system offers lower cost and higher job. • Fuel savings and carbon penalties have been reported for the proposed system.