An optimal design for an automatic voltage regulation system using a multivariable PID controller based on hybrid simulated annealing – white shark optimization

This paper combines the simulated annealing (SA) and white shark optimisation (WSO) algorithms to create a novel hybrid metaheuristic algorithm named SA–WSO. The proposed algorithm finds the best approach to tuning the parameters of three types of regulators. Three types of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers are utilized for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system, including fractional–order (FOPID) –controllers. A novel filtered fractional–order PID controller is also presented to enhance the response of the AVR system. The simulation results demonstrate the highly effective optimisation of three controllers, including the rarely used filtrated–FOPID controller, outperforming other controller approaches in the state of the art. The controller performance analyses are also conducted to demonstrate the superiority of SA–WSO-optimized for tuning the controller parameters in different conditions for disturbance rejection and robustness. A comprehensive comparative analysis is performed to determine the most appropriate controller for the AVR system, and it is found that hybrid SA–WSO algorithm provides significant advantages in terms of improved convergence speed.