Optimal Charging Current Protocol with Multi-Stage Constant Current Using Dandelion Optimizer for Time-Domain Modeled Lithium-Ion Batteries

This study utilized a multi-stage constant current (MSCC) charge protocol to identify the optimal current pattern (OCP) for effectively charging lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) using a Dandelion optimizer (DO). A Thevenin equivalent circuit model (ECM) was implemented to simulate an actual LiB with the ECM parameters estimated from the offline time response data obtained through a hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test. For the first time, DO was applied to metaheuristic optimization algorithms (MOAs) to determine the OCP within the MSCC protocol. A composite objective function that incorporates both charging time and charging temperature was constructed to facilitate the use of DO in obtaining the OCP. To verify the performance of the proposed method, various algorithms, including the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) technique, formula method (FM), particle swarm optimization (PSO), war strategy optimization (WSO), jellyfish search algorithm (JSA), grey wolf optimization (GWO), beluga whale optimization (BWO), levy flight distribution algorithm (LFDA), and African gorilla troops optimizer (AGTO), were introduced. Based on the OCP extracted from the simulations using these MOAs for the specified ECM model, a charging experiment was conducted on the Panasonic NCR18650PF LiB to evaluate the charging performance in terms of charging time, temperature, and efficiency. The results demonstrate that the proposed DO technique offers superior charging performance compared to other charging methods.