Understanding Tidal Jet Vortices Over Complex Bathymetry via Numerical Modeling and Drone Observation: Match and Mismatch in the Vortex Dynamics Under Idealized and Realistic Topographic Settings

Abstract The formation and evolution of tidal jet vortices over complex bathymetry were investigated using numerical modeling and in situ observation. Delft3D FM simulation on an unstructured grid system, complemented by field measurements using recreational drones captured tidal dynamics in the Uldolmok Strait, known for its strong tidal currents up to 6.0 m/s and turbulent whirlpool formation. This study particularly focused on temporal changes in whirlpools near their narrowest points. Modeling across the entire strait showed current velocity fields consistent with field observations, revealing significant temporal and spatial variability influenced by strait geometry and bathymetry. Whirlpools induced by tides were identified by setting a swirl strength threshold, with their centroids and equivalent spherical diameters pinpointed. It was observed that larger whirlpools, upon reaching critical size, were entrained and shifted with the tidal jet at about half its maximum velocity, while smaller vortices separated from the nearshore boundary layer remained nearly stationary. Focusing on the initiation of whirlpools and their relations with the coastline and bathymetry, a targeted field survey using a recreational drone measured surface flow fields in detail near the strait's narrowing region. During the ebb phase, shallow regions exhibited numerous smaller eddies due to increased energy dissipation, showing a dual power‐law scaling in the size distribution of eddies, contrasting with the single scaling exponent observed during the flood phase. The study underscored the role of coastline and bathymetry in developing whirlpools and shaping their dynamics, providing insights into complex tidal interactions in the natural coast.