Advancements in micro- and nanoelectronic devices for minimally invasive disease diagnosis and treatment

<p indent="0mm">Recent advancements in micro- and nanofabrication, along with developments in materials science, are enabling the creation of miniaturized, flexible, and multifunctional electronic devices for disease diagnosis and treatment. Minimally invasive electronic devices are improving healthcare by providing more precise guidance, real-time surgical monitoring, and continuous assessment of tissue lesions during procedures. These devices offer the potential for more personalized treatment options, reducing patient trauma and promoting faster recovery. This review examines the design, functionality, and applications of micro- and nanoelectronic devices in minimally invasive procedures, with a focus on their biochemical and physical diagnostic capabilities. Progress in micro-nano fabrication has led to the development of devices that are increasingly integrated, adaptable, and versatile, making them promising tools in healthcare and biomedical engineering. The combination of these technologies supports the development of more accurate and personalized medical solutions, potentially enhancing the efficiency of diagnostics and treatment. However, there are still significant challenges that need to be addressed. High production costs, complex fabrication processes, low production yields, and device susceptibility to contamination present obstacles to widespread adoption. In addition, the precision and stability required for nanoscale fabrication in clinical settings add complexity to large-scale production. Issues related to device consistency, long-term reliability, power consumption, and heat dissipation also need to be resolved for successful integration into healthcare. Variations in device dimensions and material instability can affect performance, making effective encapsulation strategies essential for long-term reliability. To realize the full potential of micro-nanoelectronic devices in minimally invasive medicine, future research should focus on developing more cost-effective fabrication methods, improving nanoscale processing equipment, and advancing multifunctional integration. Addressing these challenges will be key to advancing the use of these devices in precision medicine.