Advanced measurement techniques for gas-solids fluidized beds in the power and energy industry - A review∗

Gas-solids fluidized beds are widely used in the power and energy sectors for processes such as coal and biomass combustion, as well as gasification. However, the complex and dynamic flow behaviors within these reactors present significant challenges to improving energy efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. Understanding the hydrodynamics and developing reliable methods to measure key process parameters are essential for optimizing performance and controlling operations. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current measurement and sensor technologies used in gas-solids fluidized beds under both "cold" and "hot" conditions. It combines traditional measurement techniques with recent advances in sensor technology for industrial applications, focusing on key parameters such as solids concentration, velocity, flux, temperature, and emissions. The review also discusses fluidized bed process control based on these measurements and the potential for integrating machine learning techniques. Finally, it addresses the challenges faced in large-scale fluidized beds and explores the development of measurement technologies for high-temperature and high-pressure environments.