The influence of the socio-cultural environment on family upbringing in Аzerbaijan at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centurie

The late 19th century is etched in history as a highly complex and contradictory period for the Azerbaijani people, both economically, politically and culturally. It is known that the awakening of society in Azerbaijan, cultural revival, and the vibrant development of all fields of science and culture occurred in this period. A healthy society is fundamentally built upon healthy families. For this reason, from a socio-psychological perspective, the foundation of the state and the nation is formed by a healthy family. The role of the family and parents in shaping a child’s personality is irreplaceable. Under the continuous and purposeful guidance of parents, children gain life experience, integrate into society, and develop as individuals. This family role directly impacts children’s future, determining the social position they will hold in life. As the foundation of the social structure, the family must be established on solid foundations with distinct social, moral, and legal principles. Thus, establishing a healthy psychological climate in families, nurturing children and protecting them from harmful tendencies are among the most significant challenges of the modern family. One of the primary demands of our time is for parent-child relationships to be built on internal freedom and noble emotions. From the late 20th century onwards, family relationships have increasingly been replaced by more diplomatic and humanistic behaviors. Although the issues of family, family upbringing, the educational potential of the family and its role in shaping personality have been studied within various scientific disciplines (pedagogy, psychology, sociology, etc.), the theoretical and practical issues of family upbringing have not been investigated in historical-pedagogical terms or treated as a research subject to date. Investigating family upbringing from a historical perspective is essential in two respects. The scientific findings obtained can enrich both our history of educational and pedagogical thought and the content of contemporary family upbringing. Exploring the rich pedagogical heritage on family upbringing created by our enlighteners in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, passing it on to modern and future generations and preserving our predecessors’ progressive and humanistic ideas is a civic duty for today’s researchers. However, compared to the period under study, the old stereotypes have long been dismantled and removed in the modern era. The creation of a healthy environment within families in the current era directly impacts children’s overall development, future activities and formation as individuals. At the same time, studying and promoting family upbringing and traditions from a historical perspective remains consistently relevant. A better understanding of current social developments regarding family upbringing greatly depends on studying the historical-pedagogical heritage of family upbringing. By examining this rich heritage and moral asset, we can determine the developmental directions and prospects for raising children within the family. As a social institution, the family encompasses, within a broad historical perspective, the types of families, their composition, lifestyles, and the general socio-economic conditions of existence. One of the characteristic features of the family is its adaptation, modernization, and development in line with the demands of the era, evolving as a product of the social system