Comparative Analysis of Learning-by-Doing in the Development of an Internet of Things Intelligent Parking System Between Those Carried out Individually and Collectively

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become necessary in higher education, so unsurprisingly, IoT learning research has received significant attention from academic researchers. In the meantime, classroom education is essential for facilitating learning by doing things such as engineering lessons. The question remains: what about the learning outcomes of IoT development and the impact on student learning by doing? This research reveals it; therefore, this study aims to compare the effects of students' learning by doing in building an IoT-based automatic intelligent parking system carried out individually and collectively. The research of this study is a combination of experiment and survey methods. The research results show that students who learn collectively by building IoT intelligent parking systems are more successful than students who learn individually. Meanwhile, regarding the level of satisfaction with learning by doing, no differences were found between students who studied individually and collectively.