Formation of motile cell clusters in heterogeneous model tumors: The role of cell-cell alignment

Circulating tumor cell clusters play an important role in the metastatic cascade. These clusters can acquire a migratory and more invasive phenotype, and coordinate their motion to migrate as a collective. Before such clusters can form by collectively detaching from a primary tumor, however, the cluster must first aggregate in the tumor interior. The mechanism of this cluster formation process is still poorly understood. One of the possible ways for cells to cluster is by aligning their direction of motion with their neighboring cells. This work aims to investigate the role of this cell-cell alignment interaction on the formation of motile cell clusters inside the bulk of a tumor using computer simulations. We employ a cellular Potts model in which we model a two-dimensional heterogeneous confluent layer containing both motile and nonmotile cells. Our results indicate that the degree of clustering is governed by two distinct processes: the formation of clusters due to the presence of cell-cell alignment interactions among motile cells, and the suppression of clustering due to the presence of the dynamic cellular environment (comprising the nonmotile cells). We find that the largest motile clusters are formed for intermediate alignment strengths, contrary to what is observed for motile cells in free space (that is, unimpeded by a dense cellular environment), in which case stronger cell-cell alignment always leads to larger clustering. Our findings suggest that the presence of a densely packed cellular environment and strong cell-cell alignment inhibits the formation of large migratory clusters within the primary tumor, providing physical insight into potential factors at play during the early stages of metastasis.