Scalar Vector Runahead

Modern graph and database processing typically takes place on high-end servers in data centers. However, with growing concerns of data privacy, trustworthiness, and all-time connectivity, there has been a shift toward increased analytics processing on edge devices such as mobile phones. In an ideal scenario, we would run these applications on the energy-efficient in-order cores available in these systems rather than the power-hungry out-of-order cores. However, these applications typically feature an extremely low computation-to-communication ratio and irregular memory accesses, meaning their performance is memory-bound, and out-of-order cores provide significant performance advantages over their in-order counterparts. Although prior work on Vector Runahead has substantially improved the performance of graph applications on very large out-of-order cores, it incurs high complexity and power consumption, so is unsuitable for energy-efficient in-order processors. Scalar Vector Runahead (SVR) extracts high memory-level parallelism on simple in-order cores by piggybacking on existing instructions executed on the processor leading to future irregular memory accesses. SVR executes multiple transient, independent, parallel instances of memory accesses and their chains initiated from different values of a predicted induction variable to move mutually independent memory accesses next to each other to hide dependent stalls. With a hardware overhead of only 2 KiB, SVR delivers <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{3.2}\times$</tex> higher performance than a baseline 3-wide in-order core, and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{1.3}\times$</tex> higher performance than a full out-of-order core, while halving energy consumption. Increasing the overhead to 9 KiB to account for a larger register file, SVR can extend the speedup relative to an out-of-order core to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{1.7}\times$</tex>.