Enablers and Barriers to Improved Drinking Water Sources and Safe Water Practices in Rural India

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1 seeks to ensure safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030. Critical to this goal are access to improved water sources on-site and the adoption of house-hold safe storage and treatment practices (HWTS). In rural India, various barriers and facilitators impact the adoption of HWTS and improved water source choices among communities. This study employed qualitative methods, engaging rural women in Karnataka, India through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to explore these factors. Additionally, eight women were trained to use low-cost sensors and a mobile application to monitor household water quality. The study identified barriers, including lack of knowledge and awareness, traditional beliefs, financial constraints, and preference for unsafe water sources due to convenience, proximity, and established habits. Despite these challenges, the training provided to women facilitated improvements in monitoring water quality and promoting safe water practices. The findings underscore the need for strategies that enhance the role of women in water management through ongoing support, better access to information, and tailored community awareness initiatives. Effective awareness, affordable water treatment technologies, safe storage techniques, and reliable feedback mechanisms are recommended to improve water quality, promote HWTS adoption, and contribute to sustainable development and public health in rural settings.