Interpreting millimeter emission from IMEGIN galaxies NGC 2146 and NGC 2976
The millimeter continuum emission from galaxies provides important information about cold dust, its distribution, its heating, and its role in the interstellar medium (ISM). This emission also carries an unknown portion of the free-free and synchrotron radiation. The IRAM 30 m Guaranteed Time Large Project, Interpreting Millimeter Emission of Galaxies with IRAM and NIKA2 (IMEGIN) provides a unique opportunity to study the origin of the millimeter emission at angular resolutions of < 18″ in a sample of nearby galaxies. As a pilot study, we present millimeter observations of two IMEGIN galaxies, NGC 2146 (starburst) and NGC 2976 (peculiar dwarf) at 1.15 mm and 2 mm. Combined with the data taken with the Spitzer , Herschel , Planck , WSRT, and the 100 m Effelsberg telescopes, we modeled the infrared-to-radio Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) of these galaxies, both globally and at resolved scales, using a Bayesian approach to (1) dissect different components of the millimeter emission, (2) investigate the physical properties of dust, and (3) explore the correlations between millimeter emission, gas, and star formation rate (SFR). We find that cold dust is responsible for most of the 1.15 mm emission in both galaxies and at 2 mm in NGC 2976. The free-free emission emits more importantly in NGC 2146 at 2 mm. The cold dust emissivity index is flatter in the dwarf galaxy ( β = 1.3 ± 0.1) compared to the starburst galaxy ( β = 1.7 ± 0.1). Mapping the dust-to-gas ratio, we find that it changes between 0.004 and 0.01 with a mean of 0.006 ± 0.001 in the dwarf galaxy. In addition, there is no global balance between the formation and dissociation of H 2 in this galaxy. We find tight correlations between the millimeter emission and both the SFR and molecular gas mass in both galaxies.
Authors
- S. Berta
- G. Pisano
- C. Romero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5725-0359)
- F. S. Tabatabaei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-0970)
- P. André (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3413-2293)
- L. Bing
- F. Ruppin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-8954)
- I. De Looze
- E. F. C. Driessen
- F. Kéruzoré (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-5588)
- J. F. Macías–Pérez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5385-2763)
- C. Hanser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9656-9025)
- A. P. Jones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-6425)
- G. Lagache
- O. Bourrion (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4563-1386)
- B. Ladjelate
- F. Galliano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-3367)
- A. J. Rigby (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-2200)
- F.–X. Désert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6478-7883)
- A. Gómez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-1401)
- M. Muñoz-Echeverría (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5375-9083)
- M. Baes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3930-2757)
- G. Ejlali (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-5793)
- F. Mayet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9995-4792)
- Miguel A. Aragón-Calvo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-3975)
- H. Ajeddig
- L. Pantoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2666-5759)
- V. Revéret (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5461-2462)
- C. Tucker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1851-3918)
- K. Schüster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-9454)
- A. Sievers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0151-2924)
- M. De Petris (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7859-2139)
- S. C. Madden
- A. Ritacco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-8206)
- J. Goupy
- N. Ysard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-4121)
- S. Katsioli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7095-8933)
- J.-F. Lestrade
- P. Mauskopf
- Angelos Nersesian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-409X)
- C. Krämer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-4925)
- R. Adam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5380-1109)
- Allison Hughes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1718-0402)
- Alexandre Benoît (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0627-4948)
- R. Zylka
- A. Beelen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3201-0185)
- M. W. L. Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-6970)
- L. Perotto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-5052)
- S. Doyle
- J. Tedros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1755-0598)
- A. Moyer-Anin
- E. M. Xilouris (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-1412)
- H. Roussel
- A. Maury
- E. Artis
- A. Monfardini
- S. Leclercq (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3601-2316)
- A. Catalano
- D. Paradis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-6118)
- N. Ponthieu
- P. Ade
Institutions
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- University of Liège (BE)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (FR)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation (FR)
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (FR)
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille (FR)
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (FR)
- Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (FR)
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (FR)
- Lagrange Laboratory (FR)
- Château Gombert (FR)
- National Observatory of Athens (GR)
- CEA Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Centro de Astrobiología (ES)
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (FR)
- Institut Néel (FR)
- Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IR)
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (ES)
- Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon (FR)
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (FR)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2024-12-03
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449738
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.33
Funders
- European Commission
- Cardiff University
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Universiteit Gent
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
- Vlaamse regering
- Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation
- Science and Technology Facilities Council