Modulation of Innate Immunity via Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) for Antiviral and Antitumor Therapies

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are vital components of the innate immune system, playing a crucial role in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This review explores the modulation of innate immunity via PRRs for antiviral and antitumor therapies. PRRs, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), initiate immune responses that enhance the recognition and elimination of pathogens and tumor cells. TLRs, for instance, trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activate dendritic cells, facilitating adaptive immune responses. The therapeutic potential of PRR agonists is significant; they can be used as standalone treatments or in combination with existing antiviral and cancer therapies. PRR agonists enhance vaccine efficacy, promote robust antiviral responses, and improve the recognition of tumor antigens. Additionally, oncolytic viruses can exploit PRR pathways to stimulate innate and adaptive immunity against tumors. However, challenges such as the risk of excessive inflammation and the need for targeted delivery of PRR agonists remain. Future research should focus on optimizing PRR-targeted strategies to harness their full therapeutic potential while minimizing adverse effects. This review highlights the promising role of PRRs in enhancing immune responses and discusses their implications for developing innovative antiviral and antitumor therapies. Keywords: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Innate immunity, Antiviral therapies, Antitumor therapies, Immune modulation