Oxidation by ozone of linoleic acid monolayers at the air–water interface in multi-component films at 21 °C and 3 °C

Aqueous aerosols are often covered in thin films of surface-active species, such as fatty acids which are prominent components of both sea spray and cooking emissions. The focus of our study is one-molecule thin layers of linoleic acid (LOA) and their behaviours when exposed to ozone in multi-component films at the air-water interface. LOA's two double bonds allow for ozone-initiated autoxidation, a radical self-oxidation process, as well as traditional ozonolysis. Neutron reflectometry was employed as a highly sensitive technique to follow the kinetics of these films in real time in a temperature-controlled environment. We oxidised deuterated LOA (d-LOA) as a monolayer, and in mixed two-component films with either oleic acid (h-OA) or its methyl ester, methyl oleate (h-MO), at room temperature and atmospherically more realistic temperatures of 3 ± 1 °C. We found that the temperature change did not notably affect the reaction rate (ranging from 1.9 to 2.5 × 10^-10 cm² s^-1) which was similar to that of pure OA. We also measured the rate coefficient for d-OA/h-LOA to be 2.0 ± 0.4 × 10^-10 cm² s^-1. Kinetic multi-layer modelling using our Multilayer-Py package was subsequently carried out for further insight. Neither the change in temperature nor the introduction of co-deposited film components alongside d-LOA consistently affected the oxidation rates, but the deviation from a single process decay behaviour (indicative of autoxidation) at 98 ppb is clearest for pure d-LOA, weaker for h-MO mixtures and weakest for h-OA mixtures. As atmospheric surfactants will be present in complex, multi-component mixtures, it is important to understand the reasons for these different behaviours even in two-component mixtures of closely related species. The rates we found were fast compared to those reported earlier. Our work demonstrates clearly that it is essential to employ atmospherically realistic ozone levels as well as multi-component mixtures especially to understand LOA behaviour at low O₃ in the atmosphere. While the temperature change did not play a crucial role for the kinetics, residue formation may be affected, potentially impacting on the persistence of the organic character at the surface of aqueous droplets with a wide range of atmospheric implications.