Photocatalytic hydrogen production from sodium borohydride using low carbon footprint substrate <i>Azadirachta indica</i> oil

The shortcomings of traditional energy systems drive the transition toward sustainable energy sources. This study explores the production of hydrogen, an environmentally friendly energy source, through the photo-hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), known for its non-toxic nature and high hydrogen storage capacity. The photoreaction is facilitated by visible light, utilizing nano-alumina or zirconia as catalysts. A novel approach is introduced, employing a cost-effective and eco-friendly oil as a template for nano-catalyst synthesis. The resulting catalyst is thoroughly characterized using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂-adsorption-desorption, Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Experimental parameters including catalyst weight, NaBH₄ concentration, and irradiation time are systematically varied to optimize the photo-hydrolysis reaction efficiency. A hydrogen generation rate of 344 mL min^-1 g^-1 is achieved with zirconium oxide ZrO₂, while Aluminum oxide Al₂O₃ exhibits a higher rate of 370 mL min^-1 g^-1.