Towards Metaclinical Medicine　― The Non-Human Physician as Our Destiny ―

Medicine, and human healing more generally, have been constantly evolving for millennia as part of humanity's persistent efforts to heal its injuries and diseases, to maintain wellbeing, and to delay the inevitable: death. The philosophy underlying medicine has always been closely intertwined with the prevailing ideas in each historical period. Prejudices, religious beliefs, even magical herbs, as well as rational thought and advanced sciences, make up the fabric of over 2,000 years of western medicine. Hippocrates (460-377 BC), a physician from ancient Greece, is considered the father of western medicine. Almost 2,000 years later, Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), by being the first to explore anatomical dissections of humans, significantly challenged the views of Galen, thus ushering in modern medicine, which, by the mid-19th century, had evolved into clinical medicine, a holistic approach that remains relevant today. The rapid advances in artificial intelligence, and more broadly in digital health, are shifting clinical medicine towards a new perspective, that of metaclinical medicine, where human doctors will need to work closely with non-human physicians, delegating a significant part of their traditional role in diagnosis and treatment. This article outlines the existing realities regarding the role of artificial intelligence in diagnosing various diseases, and speculates on the collaboration between human and non-human physicians in the metaclinical era.