Soil fertility and crop biofortification: is there potential improvement through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Sub-Saharan Africa?

The transition from current production systems to sustainable soil and crop management practices is imperative for meeting increasing demands. This shift is essential for minimizing environmental impacts while enhancing productivity and resource efficiency. In this context, the use of beneficial soil microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represents a promising avenue. The roles of AMF in improving crop growth, yield, and biofortification have been scientifically established, both under normal and extreme conditions. Additionally, the role of AMF in enhancing soil fertility by improving its physical, chemical, and biological properties has been recently elucidated in several experimental studies in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the effective establishment of symbiosis and its impact are closely regulated by various factors, including the genetic characteristics of crop and AMF species, as well as environmental conditions. The lack of control over these parameters reduces crops responsiveness to AMF, thus limiting the full agronomic potential of this symbiosis. This review presents scientific evidence of the benefits of AMF in enhancing soil fertility, increasing yields, and crop biofortification, while examining the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we have identified the knowledge gaps that should be addressed by future research for optimal integration of AMF into cropping systems.