Role of ethnic and genetic factors in the development of prostate cancer (Review)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, particularly affecting older males. Genetic and ethnic factors play a critical role in the development, progression and mortality rate associated with PCa. The present review focuses on the influence of race and genetic predisposition, particularly the mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which markedly increase the risk of developing aggressive forms of PCa. African American males, in particular, are more susceptible to PCa, with a higher incidence of aggressive disease compared to other ethnic groups. These genetic disparities highlight the importance of targeted genetic screening and personalized healthcare strategies to mitigate the risk of developing PCa in vulnerable populations. The key conclusions from the present review emphasize the necessity of integrating genetic testing into routine PCa screening protocols, particularly for high‑risk groups, such as males with a family history of PCa or those of African descent. Personalized treatment options, such as the use of PARP inhibitors for patients with BRCA mutations, present a promising approach to improving the outcomes of patients with PCa. The present review calls for further research into the interactions between genetic and environmental factors in PCa and the development of tailored intervention programs to reduce incidence and mortality among high‑risk populations. Expanding access to genetic counselling and testing services is crucial to improving early detection and preventive care.