Child with Rifampicin‑Resistant Tuberculous Meningitis: A Case Report

Background: Tuberculosis remains a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence of drug-resistant strains posing challenges to effective treatment. We present a case of rifampicin-resistant tuberculous meningitis in an immunocompetent child, highlighting the severity and complexity of tuberculosis in pediatric populations. Case report: An 11-year-old child with a family history of tuberculosis was hospitalized for febrile meningeal syndrome. Symptoms included progressively developing headaches, vomiting, food refusal, and right hemiparesis over 10 days. Upon admission, the patient was conscious with a fever of 38.2°C and a stiff neck. Biological analyses revealed neutrophil-predominant hyperleukocytosis, lymphopenia, and hyponatremia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed a predominance of lymphocytes and hypoglycorrhachia. The Xpert MTB/RIF ultra test confirmed tuberculous meningitis with detection of the rifampicin resistance gene. Imaging revealed active hydrocephalus. Second-line treatment was initiated, involving multiple medications over 24 months. This observation underscores the complexity of tuberculous meningitis in children, necessitating an individualized therapeutic approach. Conclusion: Drug-resistant tuberculous meningitis in children represents a complex and devastating medical challenge. Progress in diagnosis, while significant, underlines the need for a nuanced approach and ongoing research to improve screening tools.