Incense Stick Additives and Health Effects: A Forensic Toxicology Perspective

Incense sticks have been widely used in religious, cultural, and domestic settings for centuries, emitting pleasant aromas when burned. While their fragrances offer a sense of calm and spiritual connection, burning incense can release harmful substances into the air, which may pose health risks. Incense sticks are often made from a combination of natural ingredients like wood, herbs, and resins, but synthetic additives such as fragrances, colorants, and combustion aids are also commonly used to enhance their appearance and performance. When burned, these additives can release toxic substances including particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to these emissions has been linked to a range of health problems, from respiratory irritation and asthma to more severe conditions like cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This review paper examines the toxicological aspects of incense sticks, focusing on the analysis of additives, combustion by - products, and their health impacts.