Exploring the Nexus of Students' Happiness at School: The Moderating Effect of Student Engagement

This study investigates the relationships between school climate, students' well-being, participation in educational activities, and students' happiness at school, focusing on the moderating role of student engagement. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey, data were gathered from 164 high school students in Shanghai, China. The constructs were measured with validated instruments, and data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that school climate, student well-being, and participation in educational activities all have strong, positive relationships with students' happiness. Furthermore, student engagement significantly moderates these relationships, strengthening the positive effects of school climate, well-being, and participation on students' happiness. Higher levels of student engagement were found to enhance the impact of a supportive school environment, personal well-being, and active participation in educational activities, leading to increased student happiness. These findings emphasize the critical role of student engagement in maximizing the benefits of a positive school climate and well-being programs. The study offers important implications for educators and policymakers, suggesting that strategies to promote engagement can significantly improve students' happiness and overall school experience. Future research should explore these dynamics across various educational settings to further validate and expand upon these results.