Synthesis and application of natural clam shell derived adsorbents for removal of azo dyes from wastewater

The research aims to evaluate their effectiveness as adsorbents for azo dyes. The nanomaterials were synthesized via hydrothermal methods, and their adsorption capacities were scrutinized against a spectrum of dyes, including methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), rhodamine B (RB), malachite green (MG), safranin (SR), as well as commercial red and blue dyes. Remarkably, the clam shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) exhibited notable dye removal efficiencies, achieving removal rates of approximately 87%, 89%, 97.75%, 97.60%, and 97.11% for MB, RB, CV, MG, and SR, respectively. These removal rates were accomplished within varied interaction times ranging from 45 to 10 minutes, utilizing a dose of 100 mg/L of nanoadsorbent. Furthermore, the nanomaterials displayed removal efficiencies exceeding 80% against commercial blue and red dyes. Considering their exceptional adsorption capacities, clam shell nanomaterials stand out as cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly biosorbents for effectively removing dyes from aqueous solutions. This study highlights the promising potential of clam shell-based nanomaterials in addressing the challenges presented by water pollution.