Efficient synthesis of phosphorus-promoted and alkali-modified ZSM-5 catalyst for catalytic dehydration of lactic acid to acrylic acid

• The synthesis of a phosphorus-promoted and alkali-modified ZSM-5 catalyst was achieved. • Modifications with phosphorus and alkali significantly enhanced the acid-base properties of the catalyst. • The optimized ZSM-5/P-Na catalyst achieved 83 % selectivity and 98 % conversion in the production of acrylic acid. • The ZSM-5/P-Na catalyst demonstrated strong stability and maintained high performance over 50 h of operation. • Optimization of the reaction conditions was conducted to maximize the catalytic efficiency. This study presents a novel one-pot synthesis method for phosphorus-enhanced ZSM-5 zeolite, followed by post-synthesis alkali treatment. The resulting catalyst is designed for the sustainable production of acrylic acid (AA) from lactic acid (LA). Adding phosphorus as a promoter during synthesis significantly improved the acid-base properties of the zeolite. Additionally, the alkali treatment contributed to the overall optimization of the catalyst’s performance. Comprehensive analytical techniques, including XRD, BET, FT-IR, TGA, XPS, ICP-MS, DRIFT spectra, NH 3 , and CO 2 -TPD, were employed to elucidate the structural and acid-base properties of the ZSM-5/P-Na catalyst. Finally, an experimental design was developed to optimize the important operational variables in the LA dehydration reaction. The optimized ZSM-5/P-Na catalyst demonstrated excellent performance, achieving 83% AA selectivity and 98% LA conversion with a long catalytic lifetime of 50 h. This research demonstrates a promising approach for developing efficient catalysts for sustainable AA production.