Supplemental n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Clinical implications and best practices for adult patients with cancer

Abstract Background: The purpose of this report is to summarize the evidence supporting supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in adult cancer patients, and to offer a better understanding of the appropriate use of n-3 PUFAs in the clinical setting. Methods: Numerous databases were searched for guidelines, clinical decision-making documents, systematic reviews, expert consensus statements, and best evidence summaries about the use of n-3 PUFAs in cancer patients from the inception of the database to December 31, 2023. Evidence grading and recommendation rating were conducted. The data extracted included the timing of supplementation, symptom management, disease prevention, cost-effectiveness, route of administration, application scenarios, dosage, and safety. Results: The collected data show that n-3 PUFAs are safe for patients receiving chemotherapy who are at risk of malnutrition and cachexia. Moreover, n-3 PUFA supplementation can alleviate the adverse symptoms associated with chemotherapy, extend survival, and improve the quality of life of patients with cancer. Conclusions: The administration of supplementary n-3 PUFAs should be considered based on the patient’s disease stage, treatment plan, nutritional status, and tolerance, as well as the dosage, route and application scenarios. Promoting the clinical use of n-3 PUFAs may improve the outcomes for patients with cancer.