Biopolymers-based Electrochemical Sensors: An Overview of Synthesis and Applications

The advancement of sensor technology has significantly impacted various scientific and industrial fields, particularly through electrochemical biosensors that convert biological data into electrical signals. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of biopolymer-based electrochemical sensors, which utilize natural materials such as cellulose, chitosan, alginate, keratin, etc. These biopolymers offer eco-friendly alternatives, enhancing sensor efficiency and sustainability while enabling customization for specific sensing applications. The synthesis of biopolymer-based composites through chemical, physical, and green methods is explored, with an emphasis on enhancing sensor performance by integrating conductive materials like metal oxides, graphene, and nanoparticles. The review explores their use in various fields, including medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, agriculture, wastewater treatment, and wearable or implantable medical devices. Ultimately, this study aims to highlight the potential of biopolymer-based electrochemical sensors as innovative and sustainable solutions for a wide range of applications.